Pregnancy and childbirth, pregnancy calendar, birth of the child, development of the child, health of children.

To your kid year was executed. "The most terrible - behind", - friends and relatives congratulate you. Yes you and so think. The kid has grown up, he already speaks, runs, is played. "Now it will be easier", calm you. And it is valid, at first sight, your work like and is facilitated. But it only at first sight …

Physical development

On the second year of a life of the kid rates of its growth are a little slowed down - the active development is demanded by already intellectual sphere. As to increase in weight of a body this indicator on the average reaches 30-50 g for a week or about 1-1,5 kg for a half-year. We will recollect, that for all first year the kid has got in weight to 7 kg! That fact can sometimes cause your alarm, that for a month the kid "absolutely" not "has typed weights". If your child - "ball of fire" the mobility, playfulness, playfulness it, certainly "pays off" also with that quantity of energy which is pawned for increase in weight of a body. For anything pathological in it do not search. Time will catch up with the. And the weight of a body, especially its increase since a month in a month, has no such essential value if the kid feels well, is interested in an environment, "grows" in psychological and social plans, well eats and easy sleeps.

Growth of the kid increases for the first half of the year of the second year of a life by 3-5 sm, and now this process is gradually slowed down. Throughout several months its indicator can sometimes not change, that also corresponds to individual rate of development of your kid. Sometimes parents ask, whether a little albuminous meal the child as it "for some reason" does not grow receives. If you feed the kid according to its age requirements (about it can learn from the doctor), here business not in a food, and in a heredity. Obviously and you, being the same child, had similar rates of growth. And growth of parents also happens a miscellaneous. Therefore, apparently, kids of one age, and already with the features in growth.

To define, whether the child correctly develops, together with weight and growth experts always estimate also proportionality of a body. For example, it is considered, that the breast circle is bolshej from a head circle on so much centimetres, how many years to the kid. The less child, the the big head at it and shorter finitenesses. And it is valid, let's pay attention: hardly only the child rises to the feet, its body seems at once disproportionate - with the big head, badly developed handles, krivenkimi legs, a very narrow coat hanger and a breast and the big tummy. But calm down, this "the disgusting duckling" at you on eyes, together with acquisition of skills of walking, "will gradually blossom". In a year-two of trainings in circulation the situation will essentially change: the figure becomes enough harmonous, with rather long feet and hands, a short trunk and a proportional head.

But is in this period of a life and the difficulties. The kid who has learnt to go, run and overcome obstacles, with curiosity peculiar to the person can get to different dangerous situations. If you leave a stool near a bedside table with the TV, it can get not only on a stool, but also on the TV. When will forget a portable ladder near a shelf with books, the kid can rise and on it, of course, endangering itself not only falling from height, but also nervous stress from a sudden fright. Therefore do not leave the child in loneliness, especially at such age.

Take care about health

On the second, and is the most active the third year of a life there is an ossification of a backbone and finitenesses though in full this process occupies longer period. But already from early age, since two-year-old age, it is necessary to watch a bearing of children, sufficient volume of their movements.

At the annual child there passes perfection serdechnososudistoj and respiratory systems the pulse rate, in particular, is slowed down (from 140-160 as was at newborns, to 120-125 blows for a minute), increases the volume of blood which is thrown out from heart with one reduction, extends volume of lungs and frequency of breath (in norm frequency of breath at the age of 1-1,5 years makes 30-35 respiratory movements for a minute) is slowed down. Such gradual perfection of systems of an organism simultaneously results and in probability of easy infringement of functions.

Many cares bring to parents and a teething. Till one year the kid has usually 8 teeth, about one year and a half their quantity doubles - 4 cutters and 4 radical are added, and till two years 4 more lobbies of a tooth are added. Completely prorezyvanie a so-called dairy teeth comes to the end only in 2,5 years. Usually children transfer this process painfully, with dream frustration, appetite infringement, become whimsical. Here again it is necessary to be especially delicate and sustained, to endure these couple of days while the pain will not abate. It is possible to recommend also, only, of course, if the kid is capable to execute it, oral cavity rinsing by a warm solution of a sage. If not to help the child these heavy days, and on the contrary, to shout, shame and punish for whims and crying dream and appetite frustration can become at it constants and even to outgrow in nervous diseases.

It is necessary to consider some features of age of the annual child. On the one hand, the kid already reaches for independence, and with another - as though realises the full dependence on adults, first of all, from mother. Therefore there can be even incidents. For example, the child just on request of mum has executed those or other actions but when with the same request the stranger addresses to it, at the kid it turns out nothing. It is still extremely closely connected with the tutors, that is with you. But such will proceed not for long.

"A spoon for the daddy, a spoon for mum …"

A food at the age from a year to ones and a half also has some features. Than they are caused? The kid after the first year of a life has a subsequent development and perfection of the central nervous system, all become more various flavouring perceptions. The development the second alarm system reaches, therefore at the child the reflex phase of secretion of gastric juice (on a food smell) can already be formed. Presence of a teeth also "helps" to diversify the menu. Chewing development allows your kid to carry out and gymnastics for jaws, and pleasure for a stomach.

By a year and a half the diet, that is quantity of receptions of meal, remains same, as well as in the life second half of the year - 5 times. The daily volume of meal for children from 1 to 1,5 years averages 1000-1200 ml.

As to division of a daily diet throughout day, here too there are features. At a fivefold food of the kid the food on caloric content (that is power value which it bears) should be distributed as follows: the first breakfast - 20 %, the second breakfast - 10-15 %, a dinner - 30-35 %, a mid-morning snack - 10-15 %, a supper - 20 %.

Practically, the kid can eat everything, as adult members of a family. Gradually pass in a food of the kid from the use of the ground products to meal slices. There has come time to give advantage to the crude, not wiped vegetables and fruit. Sharp and ekstraktnye substances (mayonnaise, ketchup, garlic, an onions, a radish, parsley, etc.) Also enter into a food gradually, in small amounts not to cause disgust for these products. Yes, there are people who since the childhood did not like, say, onions, and they "bypass" its all life. It is desirable to limit the use of sweets (a sweet, chocolate, ice-cream) and flour products. Though sugar is necessary in a food of the child, but its quantity should not exceed 50 g a day. All know, that the superfluous use of sugar leads to decrease in appetite and promotes in the subsequent to development paratrofii and adiposity. From confectionery products it is possible to offer the kid fruit candy, jam, cooking or fruit caramels. If the child well transfers honey, give little by little and it. But remember, that confectionery products the child should use no more than 10-15 g a day. Also is better to give them as seasoning to porridges, baked puddings, to pancakes, etc. do not accustom the child to sweets! Talk to the friends and relatives that they did not come to you on a visit with sweets or chocolate for the kid. Chocolate and chocolates not only are not so useful, and are simply harmful to children of early age (till three years of a life). They not only allergizirujut kids, but also cause excitation of nervous system - children become irritable, badly sleep, are capricious. It is better to accept fruit or any interesting toy in a gift.

As to flour products, - give advantage to bread from rye or wheat flour of a rough grinding. Such products are especially rich on group vitamins In and vegetative fibers.

Try, that the kid was accustomed to eat itself, using a spoon, a plug and a cup, was able to sit independently at a table, though and in a special armchair.

Already at this time there can be the whims connected with meal. That them to avoid, it is not necessary to fix attention of the child that he has not eaten, for example, portions of porridge. It is better to replace with its other dish.

Attempts to exaggerate possibility of the child, forcing to eat all the portion long the meal, put to it on a plate defined under your personal decision, often lead only to a nervous breakdown, occurrence of neurotic disease - anorexias (refusals of meal) which will adversely be reflected subsequently in development of the higher nervous activity with occurrence of frustration of a dream.

Sleep, my small, sleep …

At the annual child the night dream should make 10-12 hours. Besides, during the first half of the year some children require a dream two more times a day for 1,5-2 hours.

Many parents face a problem evening zasypanija - children are put to bed sometimes only after prikrikivanija on them, is frequent they are raised and cannot fall asleep at once. Here scientists offer the following scheme. It is necessary to develop "ritual" of preparation for a dream: at first it is hygienic actions, then - disguise in night clothes, especial conversation with the kid and, at last, desire to it "Good night". After that the kid should get used, that you will depart from its bed and will go to the room. In case of need, this "ritual" repeats until the child will not fall asleep. It is possible to show also the initiative, to sing under own melody the best children's poems. It not only helps quiet zasypaniju, but also supplies the child with the information for judgement of a life.

You will sow a habit - you will reap character

At early age which lasts from a year to three, in mentality of the child the basic base of the future "clever" existence is pawned. And all it will occur with your essential help. Through adults the kid opens for itself all world around, studies to communicate, learns new things and people, own "I" start to realise. At this age the first liking to another, ability to love, trust are formed. Sometimes there are displays of independence, persistence, and even obstinacy. To such growth and expansion of sphere of knowledge the kid is obliged … to walking. After all before it the whole world has opened. The closed space of a bed any more does not limit it, and all around such interesting and new!

If you have decided to begin education of the kid prepare, that you will be sometimes expected by disappointment, only you at all be not irritated. At your child the dominating role of knowledge is realised through sight. We will tell, if you ask the kid a tax to you a certain thing which is enough in the distance from it it at first will necessarily walk in a direction which you have specified. But if suddenly on a movement trajectory there will be something another "curious" it will by all means distract attention of the child. It is switched to a new dominant, and your request is forgotten at once. It is normal! Also do not consider such situation as defect of education or disobedience display. All will be fine, only little bit later.

One more moment which always disturbs parents, - kapriznost the child. Being interested in all on light, the kid travels on your house and suddenly notices, that for some reason in its one room do not start up. What reaction? Possibly, at first it is attempt nevertheless will get there - force to open doors. If it does not work, then - exacting shout. Has not helped. Crying, a sensation, and times and the present hysterics further follow. How we will behave? One parents (or grandmothers with grandfathers that happens more often) rush to the forbidden corner and open to the child space for development. Others - insist on the, not starting up the kid. How to arrive better? To solve to you it is concrete in the family. But, probably, it is not necessary to bring up in own house of the tyrant. The kid should know, that there are borders of the permitted. Only never apply force. Take advantage of ability of the child to be switched is better, try to distract attention from the forbidden place.

Annual children and necessity of skills of hygiene understand. They can be accustomed to a pot, but to do it it is necessary easy, unostentatiously. MAIN thing that the child correctly perceived your requirements. He already and itself starts to have a presentiment of approach of these requirements. At first all strains, as if stiffening in one pose, the person can redden or, on the contrary, to turn pale, often children start to cry, saying, that they want "pi-pi" or "kaka". And not always first they manage to be kept. It is necessary to consider and not to punish the kid for the first failures. It is important, that he felt requirement approach in mocheispuskanii or oporozhnenii, after all sometimes sfinktery a bladder and a rectum at children are formed with delay, hence, occurrence of skills also is late. Till 2,5 years such delay should not excite parents.

Talk to me

Your kid has already got used to that you much and often talk to it. After to it the year, each your word, each phrase told by you was executed, get special value. After all the period from one till three years is defining for all subsequent mental development of the child, and especially - speech developments. If during this period the kid does not hear the native language, will not have possibility to practise pronouncing at first separate words, phrases, and later - small offers further it can be shown by difficulties in school study.

The child already knows separate words. Calls things by their proper names. At it the dictionary of concepts is formed. And, he chooses from a large quantity of values of one word far not everything, and only separate properties most typical for the given subject, more often with what for the first time has got acquainted (for example, the dog is only Bobik which lives at home, and any another). Only when the kid will be much more senior, it will learn and will understand, that the dog is an animal on four paws, shaggy which is able to bark, etc. And, it is possible to name such word all similar animals.

The child has already wide experience of knowledge of the world: accurate enough representations about parents, meal, world around, toys. He consistently studies to connect an image of a subject with a certain combination of sounds which are said repeatedly by parents. Therefore it is very important, that parents, talking to the child, used words how it is accepted in a literary language. "Children's language" and laskatelno the reduced names like "bibi", instead of "car", "tsatsa", instead of "toy" that are used by parents, first, do not facilitate to the kid of understanding told (as sometimes wrongly it is considered), and secondly, - interfere with formation of the active, correct dictionary of the child to which should communicate with other people. After all, mastering language, the kid studies completely words new to and later if it acquires such names of subjects, it should be retrained.

And so the child at this age knows on the average from 30-40 to 100 words, but uses them seldom enough. The kid already enough well understands language of adults. After a year and a half its volume both active, and the passive dictionary sharply grows. Till two years the child understands practically all words with which adults designate surrounding subjects, and another's actions. Annual children for their language and intellectual development can show drawings of the simple maintenance, to accustom to judgement of the situations represented on them, to expression verbally their direct and latent value.