Pregnancy and childbirth, pregnancy calendar, birth of the child, development of the child, health of children.

The concept "diathesis" at the majority of us is very frequent associates with red cheeks, allergic vysypanijami on a skin of the kid which arise, say, after the use of new foodstuff. But, it appears, there are some versions of a diathesis, and still is at all disease.

Diathesis - an especial condition of a children's organism

In general, the word a diathesis occurs from Greek "diatheses", that means "propensity to something". And here in medicine under this concept understand anomalies of the constitution of a human body which are characterised by propensity to some diseases and certain type of inadequate reactions on usual razdrazhiteli world around. It is meant, that by each child, and in the future and the adult person, will test propensity to occurrence of certain diseases. But, if the pediatrist has found out, that in the kid a diathesis, does not mean, that the child is sick. The diathesis is not illness, and a certain condition of an organism. When in care of the kid, you absolutely neumyshlenno have created certain "background" (we will tell, for a breakfast have offered too much wild strawberry, a strawberry or chocolate) subsequently there will be already corresponding painful signs.

What is "constitution"? Besides, the Greek language explains, that it is set morphological and functional (including psychological) features of the person, which are caused by its genotype (that is, the features inherited from parents), and also long or intensive influence of environment. All these features in a complex define functional abilities of an organism and its possibility to reject pressure to diseases.

With development of a medical science were concretised representation about mechanisms of this or that propensity that has led to allocation separate "diateznyh" diseases. For given time distinguish some kinds of a diathesis: ekssudativno-kataralnyj, allergic, limfatiko-hypoplastic and nervously-artritichesky. The term "gemorragichesky a diathesis" which combines diseases which are characterised raised krovotochivostju has besides, remained. As we see a diathesis is not only "red cheeks".

Ekssudativno-kataralnyj (ekssudativnyj) a diathesis

This anomaly of the constitution is peculiar to children of early age and is characterised by propensity to specific defeats of a skin and mucous membranes, to development of allergic reactions and a long current of inflammatory processes, and also - infringement of a vodno-salt exchange, increase in lymph nodes. About 30-50 percent of children of early age generally have short-term signs of this diathesis. More often in an origin ekssudativno-kataralnogo a diathesis crucial importance is played by the raised permeabilities of the gastroenteric path, insufficient stability of membranes of the cages, the lowered activity of enzymes which split biogene aminy, and fibers which connect them. Basic feature ekssudativno-kataralnogo a diathesis is communication of its displays with the use in food the child or even mother (in feeding by chest milk) rather a considerable quantity of products in which biologically active substances contain many, - gistaminov, that is strawberries, wild strawberry, citrus, chocolate, fish, cottage cheese, sausages, tomatoes, a sauerkraut.

Children with ekssudativno-kataralnym a diathesis by sight always chubby, with superfluous weight of a body ("pride of grandmothers"), pastose (inclined to hypostases), often have proof oprelosti from first month of a life, gneiss (fatty seborejnaja scales on volosistoj head parts). The skin at them often dry and pale, sometimes, in cases of infringement of a food, appears a dairy scab - reddening of a skin of cheeks and a chin with its following lushcheniem. Often arise accompanied by an itch vysypanija on a skin which can be infected in second time from raschesyvany. One more sign is so-called "geographical language" that is when language becomes covered by original touch which the kind reminds a map. Sometimes there are chair frustration, long konjunktivity, rhinitises, an obstructive bronchitis, is frequent - an anaemia, a rickets.

At such children propensity to a delay in an organism of water, sodium is observed, kalija and chlorides, but at virus and bacterial diseases quickly there comes dehydration. Features of a metabolism at these kids often is also metabolic atsidoz (propensity to oxidation of the environment of an organism), the tendency to decrease in MAINtenance of fibers and, on the contrary, increase of glucose and lipidov in blood on a cause of infringement of function of a liver. By 3-4 years of display ekssudativno-kataralnogo a diathesis, as a rule, gradually disappear.

Children with ekssudativno-kataralnym a diathesis should be under constant supervision of the pediatrist. If necessary, visit the allergist, dermatologa and other experts. The organisation of a balanced diet of the kid and mother in feeding by its chest milk has great value. It is necessary to exclude products which are allergens from the menu of the child, sharply to limit the use of carbohydrates which are easily acquired. In cases of artificial feeding of children of the first year of a life, advantage give to sour-milk mixes. To find out products-allergens to parents will help conducting "a food diary" and special allergologicheskie research methods. It is important to create hypoallergenic conditions indoors, to exclude influence of widespread medical allergens (penicillin, atsetilsalitsilovoj acids, vitamin В1).

In treatment of allergic defeat of a skin, use vitamins В5, B6, And, E (in age medical doses), antigistaminnye means. To children with skin vysypanijami appoint baths with bay leaf broths, infusions of a bark of an oak.

Allergic diathesis

This anomaly of the constitution is characterised by propensity of the kid to allergic diseases. It is known, that the diathesis develops at 30 percent of children if allergic disease is at the father, at 50 percent of kids - when mother, and at 75 percent - in the presence of this disease at both parents is sick. Depending on features immunologicheskih reactions, allocate such versions of an allergic diathesis as atopichesky, autoimmunnyj, infectious-allergic.

The allergic diathesis has multifactorial inheritance. In different families the raised propensity to allergic reactions is caused by different factors: high synthesis of antibodies E, immune deficiency, similarity glikoproteinov epitelija respiratory ways and intestines with glikoproteinami bacteria, mushrooms, etc. Allergic diseases develop under the influence of environment. It depends on massiveness of receipt of allergen in not split kind through natural barriers in an organism of the child. Provoking role infections, gipovitaminozy, an anaemia, causing infringement of barrier properties of mucous membranes can play.

Allergic dermatitu on the first year of a life the same defeats of a skin are peculiar, as well as at ekssudativno-kataralnom a diathesis, and also ekzeme. At preschool age there can be allergic diseases of bodies of breath, diffuznye diseases of a connecting fabric. At school age allergic diseases with simultaneous defeat of a skin and breath bodies are quite often observed ekzema, atopichesky dermatit.

Limfatiko-hypoplastic (lymphatic) diathesis

The given anomaly of the constitution is observed at children in the first 7 years of a life more often. The basic sign of a diathesis is generalizirovannoe and proof increase in lymph nodes and vilochkovoj glands, dysfunction endokrinnoj systems (the lowered function nadpochechnyh glands and simpatiko-adrenalovoj systems) with the lowered adaptation to changes of environment and propensity to frequent infectious diseases and allergic reactions. In formation of this diathesis crucial importance have toksichesko-infectious and long gipoksicheskie influences in the pre-natal period and in the first weeks of a life of the kid after a birth. Genetically caused defect T and V-limfotsitov leads to decrease cellular and gumoralnogo immunity.

Children "limfatiki" already since a birth have superfluous weight of a body at small muscular weight, are inclined to hypostases. And the fatty fabric is distributed at them on "female type" - more on a stomach and hips. The constitution of such kids is disproportionate. Behaviour at them little bit "lazy" - after others start to talk, go. On survey the doctor will notice considerable and proof increase in peripheral lymph nodes, palatal and pharyngeal mindalin. Such children grow apathetic, languid, quickly get tired. Because of growth pharyngeal mindaliny ("adenoidov") nasal breath is broken, kids start to breathe through a mouth, badly sleep. Infectious diseases at them have usually long, wavy character (constant "snivels"), long time after diseases is observed subfebrilnaja temperature (37,0-38,0 degrees). Children are inclined to toxicoses - any virus infection at them is accompanied by vomiting, spasms, a fever, infringement elektrolitnogo balance of an organism.

The maximum expressiveness of displays of a diathesis is necessary, as a rule, on preschool age, in the future they usually disappear.

To children with a limfatiko-hypoplastic diathesis systematic training, massage and the gymnastics, natural feeding, early diagnostics and complex treatment of accompanying diseases (gipovitaminozov are necessary, for an anaemia, infectious diseases). Preventive inoculations are spent under the schedule. For the purpose of immunity stimulation consistently appoint vitamins A, E, В5, В6, В9, В12, В15 and preparations which raise protective forces of an organism, - vegetative adaptogeny - tinctures eleuterokokka, a ginseng, limonnika, stimulators gljukokortikoidnoj functions of adrenal glands.

Nervously-art Ritichesky diathesis

Anomaly of the constitution which is called "nervously-artritichesky a diathesis", is characterised basically by infringements of an exchange of uric acid and a heap purinov in an organism, and also infringements lipidnogo and carbohydrate exchanges. Polygene inheritance of a diathesis is proved. At parents diseases of joints, kidneys, neurologic illnesses, as a rule, take place.

Children "artritiki" are extremely mobile. For a short time interval they have time to "turn" all house. To them are peculiar kapriznost, hypererethism. At chest age such kids cry much and demand constant attention because of irritability of nervous system. Often enough long crying of the child regards mother as hunger display, feeds him, but, in reply to it is more often, the kid has an infringement usvaimosti meal which comes to an end with occurrence srygivanija and vomitings. Kids with nervously-artriticheskim diathesis require in long ubajukivanii, and their dream is superficial and unstable. In a word, "artritiki" are difficult children. But, despite it, for the given type of a diathesis it is characteristic, that excitation processes prevail over braking processes, and kiddies faster, than coevals, start to sit, stand, go, speak. On mental development they, as a rule, always advance the coevals.

At children after a year bad appetite, frequent night fears is observed. Sometimes there are displays of a night enuresis, a spasm at any virus or bacterial diseases. On a constitution children thin though subsequently quickly type weight. Often they are disturbed by locks, liver increase, periodic attacks so-called atsetonemicheskoj vomitings (what even name "a syndrome cyclic atsetonemicheskoj vomitings"). The matter is that at "artritikov", as a result of accumulation purinovyh substances in an organism, periodically there are attacks of vomiting with an acetone smell, and in urine and blood doctors diagnose the raised quantity ketonovyh bodies. For this reason vomiting at such children name atsetonemicheskoj, that is such which is accompanied by increase of MAINtenance of acetone in blood. Some researchers consider such displays at early age - migraine first signs in the future. More often vomiting attacks are provoked by food infringement at full or partial starvation or as a result of the use of meal with the low maintenance of carbohydrates, but rich to animal fats, and also at any diseases and stresses at the kid. The important place in vomiting occurrence is occupied with hormonal and metabolic infringements, increase in level of insulin which leads to decrease in MAINtenance of glucose in blood. Decrease in level of glucose in blood at children "artritikov" also testifies to hepatic dysfunction. And it is feature nervously-artriticheskogo a diathesis. Atsetonemichesky vomiting often demands hospitalisation from these kids.

Quite often in blood MAINtenance of uric acid at the expense of strengthening of its synthesis raises, as consequence of it arises uraturija (such condition name still mochekislym a diathesis). There can be pain attacks in a stomach, a headache.

Under adverse conditions, the gout, exchange arthritises, a diabetes with the years develop, against the high maintenance of uric acid in urine quite often there is a pyelonephritis, urolithic illness. Intensive psychoemotional loadings, the uses in considerable quantities of the products rich purinami (for example, meat, a liver, a herring, paste, sardines, chocolate, cocoa, bean) can be provoking factors.

Children with nervously-artriticheskim diathesis should be under supervision of the pediatrist. The mode of day, a food with restriction (and even an exception in heavy cases) the products rich purinami have great value. Employment by physical culture, training are obligatory. Are useful - alkaline mineral waters. It is periodically necessary to accept preparations which influence an exchange purinov.

Often enough children have conditions which do not keep within definition only one anomaly of the constitution. We will tell, the kid has signs as nervously-artriticheskoj, and ekssudativno-kataralnoj anomalies of the constitution. Once again we will underline, it not disease, be more attentive to children and listen to advice of doctors.