Pregnancy and childbirth, pregnancy calendar, birth of the child, development of the child, health of children.

You disturbs, why your child more low growth, than coevals? And the son kompleksiruet what it the smallest in a garden or in a class? The daughter secretly can puts on your shoes on heels and pensively looks at the growth in a mirror? It becomes frequent enough this problem a source of psychological pressure and stress. Sometimes small growth at children in general is perceived by parents as tragedy. Why some children suffer from such troubles? And in general, from what growth of the person depends?

Why I not to growth?

This rhetorical question is set by children, coming with the problem in a hospital office. The reasons which influence growth, exist two groups - external and internal. To internal genetic potentials of the child, first of all, belong. It is known, that it is more than 120 genes of our organism carry out the control over growth process. After all at high parents children usually have the higher growth, than at the low. But it is observed provided that children eat as a whole correctly enough. The uncommon role is played by a state of health of mother during pregnancy, and also specific features of processes of a metabolism in an organism of the child. To external factors which influence growth, carry the balanced balanced diet of the kid adapted for corresponding age. It was known still by our grandmothers, accompanying a dinner or procedure of feeding of grandsons by sayings "Will eat a squash, will grow big-big". Very brightly this communication was showed last fifty years when universal acceleration of growth of the boys was observed, especially strongly expressed in economically developed countries which have solved problems with a food. And in our state there was such process, but for given time it has stopped, as the majority of boys have reached the genetic border of growth - that which was programmed by the nature. But all the same there are still families in which a food of children wishes to be the best. Probably, therefore among senior pupils today it is a lot of young men of low growth.

Not only food errors, but also heavy, especially chronic, diseases reduce rates of growth, their action also is appreciably connected with infringements of a food against a chronic infection. The weakened kid temporarily switches energy which should go on growth, to recover process. During long cold growth of the child can stop. There is no increase of intensity in the course of growth and right after disease. If disease is accompanied by a long liquid chair, the weight of the child can decrease. At children who are on chest and artificial feeding, rates of growth also are different. Some kids, especially with the raised appetite, constantly advance average indexes of increase in growth. Such children unfairly consider unduly fattened. But they start to grow thin at once, as soon as in parent milk MAINtenance of fats will decrease. Usually kids who in first six months of a life have excess weight, start to grow thin during the period from 6 till 12 months. It occurs as a result of increase in impellent activity of children as thus superfluous calories "burn down".

In general, children move today a little. Bolshej among them the bicycle or a ball, and the TV or the computer use popularity not sanki. And, reduction of impellent activity, as well as quantity of pure air, does not promote high growth.

Backlog in growth can be connected with an inadequate psychosocial environment: children deprived of parent caress and in general of human attention, have problems with growth. On the contrary, close contact between mother and the child since a birth, moreover and regular massage which is done gently by mum to the kid, is accelerated by rates of growth.

Growth infringements including because of a bad food, are displayed and on body proportions. It is considered, that to an ideal proportion - a parity of length of feet (from the top part lobkovoj to a bone to a sole a foot) to growth - there corresponds value which is equaled approximately 0,61. That is, the longer feet, the consider the person more beautifully. All are convinced of it concerning girls, it is necessary to look at competitions of beauties only! Conformity of this proportion check and by growth measurement, sitting (on a chair, for example) and standing: than parity of these indicators less, body proportions are especially close to an ideal. At the newborn child, for example, this indicator makes 0,7, in 3 years it decreases to 0,57, and in the period of sexual ripening - to 0,52, that specifies in increase in length of feet. And generally, it is noticed, that backlog of growth as a result of a bad food, diseases or other adverse surrounding influences occurs basically because growth of feet is slowed down. Therefore young men who have not reached the genetic potential, usually have shorter feet.

Types of a constitution or it is studied a family tree.

Children not only have different appearance, they and grow differently, actually, it and causes their uniqueness. Your child is allocated by genes of tendency to corpulence or on the contrary, high or low growth, and can their average variants. These signs unite in concept of a constitution. At high and thin people (they are called ektomorfami) bolshee the quantity of calories goes on a gain in growth, therefore indicators of weight at them appear below averages, and growth - higher. Such children can remain some time within growth average indexes, and then sharply be extended at length. Then their growth exceeds norm, but the weight appears more low. For mesomorphs it is characteristic stocky, as if a "square" body. Children with such constitution, as a rule, are at level of average indexes of growth and weight. Endomorfy (low, with grusheobraznym a trunk), in a counterbalance ektomorfam, in weight exceed an average level, and in growth do not reach it. All is versions of the normal constitution connected with a heredity. Therefore, before to look in average tables, study own family tree more attentively: what were ancestors and relatives, and already then do a conclusion - whose lines were got by your child.

Growth can "skip"

Despite of that the standard schemes and schedules provide stable gradual progress in body growth, the majority of children grow absolutely in another way - as if jumps which alternate with pauses. If to display graphically process of growth of each child it is possible to notice: the moments of splashes are replaced by the recession periods. We will tell, it is known, that since a birth till three years for kids fast growth is characteristic. For the first year children grow on the average on 25-30 sm, for the second - to 12 sm, and for the third - 6 fast growth see in the subsequent is replaced by so-called uniform growth, that on the rates reaches 4-8 sm a year. In the beginning of teenage age of children the period of fast growth which is caused by influence of sexual hormones again expects.

Growth and hormones

Among growth causes of infringement, together with noted above, great value hormonal influences have. For this reason backlog in growth is an occasion to the reference to the doctor-endokrinologu.

In general growth bone, and other systems and bodies of the person occurs under the influence of a so-called hormone of growth which produces a hypophysis, - small gland of internal secretion in size with a pea which is located in the brain basis. Allocation of a hormone of growth is stimulated with corresponding control centres of a brain. The hormone helps a children's organism to grow properly and supervises, what quantity of fats and muscles is in an organism. He also plays the big role in distribution of energy and, finally, in the general state of health of the child.

It was long enough not clear, how the growth hormone influences cages of a bone fabric, stimulating their growth. It has appeared, that on this way there is an intermediary who is produced by a liver and some other fabrics, - insulinopodobnyj the growth factor. It so is called because has much in common on a structure with insulin. This factor is allocated under the influence of a hormone of growth and circulates in connection with certain fiber; the lack of this or that also influences rate of growth of the child.

But the growth hormone is not a unique regulator of growth. In an organism the antagonist of a hormone of growth - somatostatin is allocated also. Normal growth is supported thanks to balance in produtsirovanii these two hormones.

For correct growth and development of the child the great value has also a hormone of a thyroid gland which in general regulates metabolism processes in cages. Its lack slows down all exchange processes, including in bone system.

The sexual hormone testosteron operates on last doubly. Increase of its production stimulates growth of bones to certain border, but further it starts to suppress rostovye zones, stopping growth. It can be observed at young men in sexual ripening, when growth acceleration is replaced in the period vozmuzhanija (in 16-18 years) by its stop.

As it is a lot of glands of internal secretion closely co-operate, in some cases change of work of one gland causes a deviation another, that affects growth infringement.

As teenagers grow

For a high-grade estimation of growth of the child at teenage age it is necessary to analyse some signs in details. First of all, actually an indicator of length of a body. In itself this figure still "does not speak" anything. It is important to know an annual gain in growth or, at least, as your child has grown for a half-year. Speed of increase in length of a body is influenced by growth sekretornoj activity endokrinnyh glands. If the gain is insignificant or is absent - it is necessary to survey the son or the daughter at the doctor-endokrinologa who will appoint special researches for function definition endokrinnoj systems.

In general the maximum growth rate at teenagers is observed in the spring, as well as at all nature - "hormones play". And here the weight of a body increases more intensively in the autumn. From 11 years at girls, and with 12 - at boys rates of a gain of weight of a body start to exceed rates of growth at length. During the subsequent period "pubertatnogo a gallop" (at boys - 13-16 years, at girls - 12-15) intensively enter growth both indicators - growth and weight of a body. For rather short time interval growth can increase by 20 %, and weight of a body even on 50 %. At girls this "jump" can begin in 10,5 years, reaching the greatest expression by 12,5 years. And body growth at length till 17-19 years will proceed in general. Boys "begin jump" on the average in 14,5 years, and growth stops definitively in 19-20 years.

Teenage infringements of growth

Before the teenage period organism growth occurs under the influence of hormones of a thyroid gland, a growth and insulin hormone. At younger school age growth of tubular bones is caused by the maximum activity of a hormone of growth. In acceleration or delay of processes of growth big enough role is played by genetic "programs" of start of hormonal regulation of these actions. Genes are capable to supervise also over a susceptibility of fabrics of an organism of the child to "supervising" action of hormones. But all is the program which can "give failure" because of any disorders from the outside.

It is known, for example, that teenagers, which intensively are engaged in kinds of sports with constant physical activities (sports gymnastics, struggle, etc.), in the physical and sexual development can be late for 1-2 years, in comparison with the coevals.

Chronic diseases at senior pupils often malosimptomno proceed without their high-grade treatment. Though, for example, most "usual", at first sight, a chronic gastritis, gastroduodenit and, especially, a stomach ulcer can essentially affect growth delay. Diseases serdechnososudistoj systems, such as rheumatism, defects of heart, pulmonary diseases because of a constant lack of oxygen also promote growth reduction. Well and, of course, it is a lot of endokrinnyh the diseases which first signs sometimes appear at early age, and sometimes - only in teenage, lead to delay of physical development of the child and, first of all, growth reduction.

It is important not to waste time, in due time to notice, that growth of the child mismatches norm, and it is obligatory to address to the pediatrist and endokrinologu. Then corresponding treatment will allow to "make up" missed, and the genetic program of your family will be realised in full!