Pregnancy and childbirth, pregnancy calendar, birth of the child, development of the child, health of children.

To nurse the child it is desirable as it is possible longer - to year age and if there is a possibility and is more senior year. Unique biological properties of your milk are useful to kids and this age. But exclusively "dairy" period of a life of the child when chest milk completely satisfies all food and energy needs, lasts no more than 4,5-5 months. To this age kids considerably grow up, at them the weight of a body doubles, impellent activity increases and accordingly energy expenses their organism increase. Exclusively dairy food cannot satisfy requirement any more which increase. From this age children require an additional food - a feeding up.

Changes occur and in the organism of children - the digestive system becomes more mature, capable to digestion and mastering not only liquid dairy, but also other, firmer meal. And in 2-3 months there are the first dairy zubki, their quantity gradually increases, hence, skill is gradually developed - at first to crush, fray meal and only then to swallow of it.

Rules of introduction of a feeding up

Introduction of any products and feeding up dishes are the first steps to transition of the child to qualitatively new food to which he should get used. These steps need to be undertaken cautiously, patiently, slowly, in order to avoid undesirable reactions, complications and even refusal of the child to accept meal new to it which differs from chest milk on a smell, to taste and a consistence.

Therefore at feeding up introduction it is recommended to adhere to such general rules:

1. The feeding up is given before feeding by a breast.
2. Any products new to the child and dish start to give in small amounts (juice - drops, mashed potatoes and porridges - from 1 teaspoon) and gradually, in 5-7 days increase till a full portion.
3. The new following feeding up can be entered only after the kid will get used to previous, eating a full portion, and it is good itself thus feels (not earlier than in 2 weeks).
4. Each time after the kid has received a portion of a feeding up, put it to a breast. It will prolong at you a lactation, and the child will be happy, quiet and it is better protected in adaptation to a new food from infringements of digestion and allergic reactions. When the kid will receive all kinds of a feeding up in full and will feel full he will gradually refuse a breast.
5. Feeding up give not from a small bottle through a dummy, and a tea spoon in the small portions (on a spoon tip) and cautiously put to the child on the language middle then he will easily swallow it. Skill is a spoon it is necessary to develop now then not to have problems with other, firmer food. Remember that feeding by dense and firm food through a dummy can lead travmatizatsii gums, to formation of a wrong bite, caries of a teeth.
6. Never feed the child in a bed. In position, laying it can choke or poperhnutsja with a meal lump. During feeding the child should be in vertical position, in a convenient pose at you on hands, knees or to sit on a special children's stool.
7. The feeding up food always should be svezheprigotovlennoj, have gentle, homogeneous (without lumps) a consistence. Before giving a feeding up to the child, cool it to a body temperature (36-37 degrees), well mix and once again check, whether in regular intervals it was cooled.
8. Do not feed the child violently. Watch closely its behaviour during feeding. If the kid pushes out food from a mouth, "spits out" it, the person from a spoon with meal turns on, feeding to continue in vain. The reasons of such behaviour can be different: the child is not hungry, the food is unfamiliar to it on taste or is hot, you have caused to the kid a pain, etc. Calm down and feed the child with a breast. Next time he with the great pleasure will eat the offered.
9. During feeding it is not necessary to constrain the child in movements. Give to the kid in the right hand "its" spoon, let he will get used to it. Time will come, and the child himself will start to eat with this spoon.

The program prikarmlivanija

There is a special program which provides gradual introduction in a food allowance of children of separate products and dishes of a feeding up instead of chest milk.

Certainly, is elderly not earlier than 3-3,5 months start to give the food additive in the form of fruit, berry or vegetable juice, and in 1,5-2 weeks if the child does not have any undesirable reactions, enter the following food additive - fruit or berry mashed potatoes without small stones and lumps. Then start to include in a diet serially more dense feeding up: the first - since 4-4,5 months, the second - since 5-5,5 months, the third - since 7-8 months.

Gradually all kinds of a feeding up become more difficult at the expense of introduction in a diet of other foodstuff: cheese, a yolk of an egg, vegetative, a butter, cream, meat, fish mashed potatoes, bread, crackers, cookies.

During the use by the child of new products and feeding up dishes in attention its state of health, appetite, weight of a body, presence of obvious or potential (family) allergic reactions to these or those products, propensity to infringements from digestion bodies (srygivanija, a stomach swelling, gastric gripes), frequency and character of a chair always undertakes.

Therefore the program prikarmlivanija, considering specific features of the child, can change a little, but not to the detriment of full value of structure of a diet.

Together with it, it is important to underline, that a program major principle is support of a lactation of mother and longer preservation of chest feeding of the child. Therefore provided that feeding mum well eats and in its diet enough fresh fruit and vegetables, the child who well develops, till 4-5 months does without any food additives (juice and mashed potatoes).

The first feeding up

With normal weight of a body on the first feeding up vegetable mashed potatoes are recommended to healthy children. It is necessary to give it during fixed time convenient for you, usually in the lunch. For mashed potatoes preparation use vegetables of high quality with gentle kletchatkoj - a potato, carrots, cabbage in the ratio 2:1:1. Since six-monthly age it is possible to use and other vegetables - spinach, an asparagus, vegetable marrows, a green peas, greens.

Vegetables boil on pair or in a water small amount (separately), crush to homogeneous weight without lumps, lead up to the necessary density vegetable broth, add vegetable oil (corn, sunflower or olive) from calculation 1 teaspoon (3г) for a portion of mashed potatoes 150 g or cream of 10 % of fat content - 2-3 teaspoons. Instead of salt add lemon or cranberry juice (1/2-1 teaspoon).

From 6 months vegetable mashed potatoes it is possible to give with a yolk (with 1/4 part) welded vkrutuju eggs, and from 7 months - vegetable mashed potatoes with meat. These are two independent dishes which need to be alternated, including in a diet of feedings of the child in different days. Vegetable mashed potatoes give once a day, daily, gradually transforming it in a lunch dish. In anaemia cases meat vegetable mashed potatoes can be entered earlier - from 5,5-6 months.

The second feeding up

It dairy-krupjanaja the porridge which has been well boiled thoroughly, wiped (in case of integral grain), not so dense consistence.

All kinds of groats have approximately identical food and power value, they are rich with vegetative fibers, starch, kletchatkoj, mineral substances and group vitamins In (В1, В2, RR).

But there are also differences which are important for considering at an individual choice of a product for the child. For example, rice differs from other groats the highest maintenance of starch, and grechka - the higher maintenance of mineral substances, iron and vitamins. Besides, rice and grechka, unlike semolina and ovsjanoj (and also barley) the croup, does not contain klejkoviny (gljutena) which is badly acquired. At some children at frequent use by a god-send or ovsjanoj porridges because of intolerance gljutena illness of intestines - tseliakija develops.

Therefore at introduction of the second feeding up advantage first of all is given to porridges from rice or grechki. To a decoy and porridge start to give later when the child will well get used to the first, and give them, alternating with other kinds of porridges.

At first cook porridges from one kind of groats, and from 8-9 months it is possible to prepare two or multicomponent porridges-allsorts.

For faster preparation of porridges groats grind in a flour and cook at the rate on a portion 150 g - 10 g krupjanoj torments, 30 ml of fresh cow milk, 50 ml of water, 5 g to sugar, 3 g (later 5) a butter.

Porridges with fruit or vegetable additives (juice or mashed potatoes from carrots, apples, bananas and other fruit) are useful dairy-krupjanye.

For children who have an allergy on fibers of the cow milk, it is necessary to prepare bezmolochnye the porridges enriched by fruit, or other additives. Porridge give daily once.

To kids with insufficient weight of a body or with digestion infringements by the first feeding up there can be a porridge, and the second - vegetable mashed potatoes.

The third feeding up

The third feeding up is a sour-milk mix of special preparation for a children's food - kefir, atsidofilnoe milk and other kinds. Sour-milk mixes, basically, are issued by dairy kitchens or catering establishments of a children's food. Them prepare on the basis of integral cow milk and special bacterial lactic ferments.

It is possible to prepare sour-milk mixes also on the basis of adapted dairy (sour-milk "Vitalakt") and atsidofilnyh mixes, for example, "Kid". Their application provides double advantage the-balanced food and settling in the digestive channel of useful, protective microflora.

Sour-milk mixes are expedient for combining with cheese or low-fat cookies (pounded in a powder).

After introduction of three basic feedings up in a food allowance of children still remains two full feedings by a breast of mum. When chest milk already a little, it is necessary to finish feeding the child a dairy mix. Certainly the best replacement of chest milk which does not suffice, is the modern adapted dairy mixes which are on sale in shops of a children's food in wide assortment, both domestic, and foreign manufacture.

In 8-9 months children receive the present dinner from three dishes. On 10-11 month the kid gradually starts to chew meal, he can prepare already quenelles from veal, a hen or a crawl, and in 1 year - steam cutlets from different low-fat grades of meat. Mashed potatoes from a liver are entered even earlier (under the recommendation of the doctor).

Once in 7-10 days it is recommended to give mashed potatoes, meatballs or steam cutlets from fish. Choose those grades of fish which do not contain very small stones.

Approximate food allowance of the child at the age of 9 months at chest feeding

06.00

Chest milk of 200 ml

10.00
Porridge dairy krupjanaja 150 g and a yolk 1/2 pieces Dokarmlivanie a breast of 50 ml. Fruit juice after a dream of 50 ml.

14.00
Vegetable soup on a meat broth of 70 ml and a white loaf of 5 Vegetable mashed potatoes 70 g and meat mashed potatoes of 30 Fruit juice of 30 ml.

18.00
Sour-milk mix of 150 ml. Cheese (cottage cheese) of 50 Fruit mashed potatoes of 50

22.00
Chest milk of 200

* At artificial feeding the balanced diet scheme is similar, only instead of chest milk the child receives a dairy mix, in case of the mixed feeding, chest feeding and dokarmlivanie a dairy mix.

Terms of introduction of food additives, products and dishes of a feeding up to children on chest feeding

06.00	Chest milk of 200 ml
10.00	Porridge dairy krupjanaja 150 g and a yolk 1/2 pieces Dokarmlivanie a breast of 50 ml. Fruit juice after a dream of 50 ml.
14.00	Vegetable soup on a meat broth of 70 ml and a white loaf of 5 Vegetable mashed potatoes 70 g and meat mashed potatoes of 30 Fruit juice of 30 ml.
18.00	Sour-milk mix of 150 ml. Cheese (cottage cheese) of 50 Fruit mashed potatoes of 50
22.00	Chest milk of 200

* At artificial feeding the balanced diet scheme is similar, only instead of chest milk the child receives a dairy mix, in case of the mixed feeding, chest feeding and dokarmlivanie a dairy mix.

Terms of introduction of food additives, products and dishes of a feeding up to children on chest feeding

Products and dishes	Age (in months)									Introduction terms (in months)
4	5	6	7	8	9	10	11	12
Fruit juice, ml	5-40	40-50	50-60	70	80	90-100	90-100	90-100	90-100	With 3-4
Fruit mashed potatoes, g	5-30	30-50	60	70	80	90-100	90-100	90-100	90-100	With 4,5
Cheese (cottage cheese), g	-	-	10-30	40	40	50	50	50	50	With 6
Yolk, sht	-	0,25	0,25	0,25	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	0,5	With 5
Vegetable mashed potatoes, g	0-100	150	150	170	170	200	200	200	200	With 4,5
Dairy porridge, g	-	0-100	150	150	150	180-200	180-200	180-200	180-200	With 5
Meat mashed potatoes, g	-	-	-	5-30	50	50-60	60	60	60	With 7
Kefir, kislomol., ml	-	-	-	0-30	40-70	200	200	200	200	With 7,5
Bread pshen. vys. A grade, g	-	-	-	5	5	5	5	5	5	With 7
Cookies, crackers, g	-	-	-	3-5	5-15	10-15	10-15	10-15	10-15	With 7
Vegetable oil, g	1-3	3	3	5	5	6	6	6	6	With 4
Butter, g	-	1-4	4	4	5	5	5	5	5	With 5

*При the mixed and artificial feeding all prikarmlivanija recommend to begin on two weeks earlier, than at the chest.