Pregnancy and childbirth, pregnancy calendar, birth of the child, development of the child, health of children.

During this age period children are very mobile, confidently go, run, love outdoor games, they are impressionable, emotional and inquisitive, the stock of knowledge and abilities at them is constantly enriched.

To fill the big expenses of energy and to provide requirements of the further growth and development, constant inflow of energy and all nutrients (fibers, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts and microcells) which unique source is high-grade children adequate to age a food is extremely necessary for children.

It is necessary to pay attention, however, to features of digestive system at this age. Despite the well enough developed chewing device (20 dairy teeth, including four pairs chewing), digestive functions of a stomach, an intestines, a liver and a pancreas a full maturity, they yet do not reach labilny and are sensitive to discrepancy of quantity, quality and food structure, infringements of a mode of food intakes.

Therefore it is frequent at this age various chronic diseases of digestive system at children originate, their general physical development is broken, abilities to development of training programs decrease.

The important element of correct catering services are a mode of food intakes within day, expedient distribution of products, volumes of food and daily caloric content between its separate receptions.

Diet

The food is digested in a stomach of the child on the average during three from half-four o'clock, therefore intervals between food intakes should be approximately equal to this time. For children of three-four-year-old age the mode with four-single food intake is most physiologic: in 8 o'clock in the morning - a breakfast, in 12 - a dinner, at 15.30 - a mid-morning snack, in 19 - a supper.

Hours of feedings should be constants, deviations from established time are not desirable and should not exceed 15-30 minutes

It is important to pay attention to inadmissibility of reception of any food between feedings, especially of sweets.

Food volume

The capacity of a stomach at children changes with the years. If at the one-year-old child it is equal 250-300 g at three-year - 350-400 g, and at four-year-old - 450-500 Therefore a food should be differentiated on size of single and daily volume of food depending on age of children.

Certainly, the food volume depends and on appetite of children. If at the child good appetite, do not abuse it, do not accustom it to excessively plentiful food. Sooner or later it will lead superfluous zhirootlozheniju and to infringement of health of the child. If appetite is lowered, and the child not always eats food offered it in enough it should organise temporarily the fifth food intake as an additional supper at 21 o'clock or an early breakfast if the child wakes up too early - in 5-6 o'clock in the morning. On additional food intake usually it is recommended to give a glass of warm milk, kefir or yoghurt with cookies or a roll slice.

The food total amount on all the day averages: for children in three years - 1500-1600 g, for children in four years - 1700-1750 the Daily quantity is distributed between separate food intakes rather in regular intervals: 350-400 g and 400-500 g according to age of children, the dinner is given in optimum volume.

Caloric content of a food

Growth, development, movement, metabolism and all other vital processes demand constant inflow of energy. This energy is formed in an organism continuously as a result of biological oxidation (splitting) of food substances - fibers, fats, carbohydrates and is allocated in the form of thermal energy. Units of its measurement are kcals (kcal) or kilojoules (kdzh). From each gramme of carbohydrates it is allocated about 4 kcal, fat - 9 kcal, and fibers are used, basically, for construction of new cages and fabrics in a growing organism of the child or their updating.

The requirement of a children's organism for energy makes: at the age of three years - 1550-1600 kcal, in four years - 1750-1800 kcal a day. Daily caloric content of a food of children should correspond to these figures and correctly be distributed between separate food intakes. For children aged three years also are more senior expedient it is considered following distribution: for a breakfast - 25 % of daily caloric content, for a dinner - 35-40, a mid-morning snack - 10-15, a supper - 25 %.

Correctly to be guided in this question, we advise to use the standard set of products recommended for children of younger preschool age given in the table (from three till five years).

Foodstuff

A rational high-grade food of children at the age of three-four years is provided, as well as at the adult person, wide assortment of products of an animal and a phytogenesis. An exception are fat grades of meat and birds (geese, ducks), and also sharp seasonings (vinegar, mustard, a horse-radish, bitter pepper). The more widely and more variously the set of the products used at cooking, the is more high-grade a food of the child.

Value of products of an animal origin (milk and dairy products, meat, meat products and an offal, fish, eggs) consists, first of all, that they are sources high-grade, legkousvojaemyh fibers, and also variety of vitamins, mineral substances and microcells.

Value of products of a phytogenesis consists in their riches various carbohydrates (fructose, glucose, sucrose, starch, pectins, kletchatka), they are the major source of vitamins, especially ascorbic acids (vitamin C), routine (vitamin), beta carotin, vitamin E and many other things useful substances. In them vegetative fibers who in a combination to fibers of an animal origin give optimum conditions for their mastering also contain.

Among products of an animal origin the important place belongs to milk and dairy products. Children at the age of three-four years should receive daily not less than 0,5 l of milk, including sour-milk (kefir, atsidofilnoe milk, yoghurt or other), and also taking into account that milk which is used on preparation of porridge or other dairy dishes.

To vysokobelkovym to dairy products concern: fresh cottage cheese, cottage cheese paste, children's cake cheeses, and also firm cheeses, including plavlenye.

All dairy products also are rich with fat, legkousvojaemymi calcium and phosphorus salts.

From the dairy products rich with fat, cream and sour cream which can be used for refuelling of soups and salads, and also in quality podlivy to cheesecakes and varenikam are especially useful to children.

Cottage cheese, cream, sour cream and cheese, unlike milk and sour-milk products which should join daily in a diet of children, can be used in one-two day, but, accordingly, in bolshem quantity.

For meat dishes the preference is given to beef and veal, meat of hens, chickens, turkeys, a rabbit, an offal - a liver, language, brains is used also; low-fat pork, young low-fat mutton are quite admissible also. From meat products dairy sausages and boiled sausages (doctor's, dietary, dairy) are recommended. Meat and an offal are the most valuable source not only the squirrel, but also legkousvojaemogo gland, and also of some vitamins of group of Century

Very useful product is fish. Use low-fat grades of sea and river fishes - a pike perch, a cod, hek, a sea perch. Fiber of fishes is high-grade and legkousvojaemym.

In the menu of children meat or fish join daily. Within a week the child can prepare four-five days of a dish from meat and two-three days - from fish. If meat and fishes are given in one day, their portions reduce.

Many parents ask a question on advantage of red and black caviar, and also cod-liver oil. Undoubtedly, all these products possess high nutritional value. All kinds of caviar are rich with fiber, fat and fat-soluble vitamins A and D, especially many these vitamins in cod-liver oil. Besides, in cod-liver oil polynonsaturated fat acids very useful to children contain.

Certainly, it is possible to give caviar sometimes to children, but it is not enough and often as in some cases it causes an allergy in children.

As to cod-liver oil it can be used only on doctor's orders as it contains vitamins A, D and polynonsaturated fat acids in enough high concentration, dose out it as a chemist's preparation.

In a food of children eggs as they contain much vysokousvojaemyh nutrients have great value: fibers are acquired on 96-97 %, fats - on 95 %. The egg yolk contains a complex of fat-soluble vitamins A, D, E and groups In, fosfatidy both various mineral substances and microcells. However, despite utility of eggs, in food of the child to abuse them it is impossible, as they are capable to cause allergic reactions. Eggs use only in abruptly welded kind or in the form of various dishes (an omelette with milk or fresh vegetables, salads with jajtsom, cheesecakes etc.).

From fatty products are recommended creamy and vegetable oil (sunflower, corn, olive, soya). The Butter is a valuable source of vitamin A, and vegetable oils - vitamin E and polynonsaturated fat acids (which it is not enough in a butter). Therefore all oils are better for using in a natural kind (instead of for zharenja): creamy - in sandwiches and ready dishes (porridge, mashed potatoes), vegetative - in Russian salads, the salads, ready vegetable dishes.

Bread and bakery products enter into an obligatory daily diet of the child. The squirrel in it contains much less, than carbohydrates. Bread from a rye flour and wheaten a rough grinding, as it more richly fiber, group vitamins In and the food fibres stimulating work of intestines is most useful. Except bread, other bakery products are recommended to children also: bagels, steering-wheels, drying, crackers.

Groats and pasta also are the basic source of carbohydrates and less - fibers. In a food of children of three-four-year-old age are used rice, grechka, ovsjanaja and semolina groats. It is possible to prepare Kashi with milk and without milk, with the additive of vegetables or fruit. For example, porridge with an apple, with raisin or a banana, boiled rice with a pumpkin or carrots, a buckwheat cereal with an apple is very useful and tasty.

Bean plants (peas, a string bean, a soya, beans) - vysokobelkovye products, but they are a little used in a children's food because of presence in their structure, the so-called, antialimentary factors causing digestive discomfort - a swelling of guts, rumbling, a heartburn. But, thanking, modern technology of processing by a method preliminary prorashchivanija grains from malt, peas or a soya, are made new products for a children's food with good flavouring and food properties. Products concern them ekstruzii in the form of dry breakfasts and confectionery products (cookies "Kotigoroshko", fruitcakes, etc.). These products possess antiallergenic properties and can replace those products of an animal origin to which there is an allergy more often.

Sugar and confectionery products are included necessarily into a diet of children, it is recommended to give cookies, wafers, a fruit candy, fruit candy, fruit karamel, jam, jam, jam and honey if the child transfers it. Chocolate and chocolates raise excitability of nervous system, can cause an allergy, therefore give to more often their children does not follow.

It is impossible to give for the night to children of sweet as the acid formed in an oral cavity after sweets, promotes caries of a teeth.

Fruit, berries, vegetables and greens is an obligatory component of a children's food. They are an irreplaceable source of vitamins C, R, provitamin A (carotin), vitamin E, legkousvojaemyh carbohydrates - glucose and fructose, organic acids, pectins and food fibres, minerals and microcells.

In a food of children it is useful to use all seasonal fruit, berries, vegetables and greens in a natural kind, and also in the form of juice and mashed potatoes, during winter time it is possible to give tinned juice and mashed potatoes, compotes and other preparations along with natural fruits.

In diets daily it is necessary to provide salads from fresh vegetables: cabbage, carrots, green onions, cucumbers, the tomato, etc. to meat and to fish dishes as a garnish, to prefer not macaroni and krupjanym products, and vegetables in the form of boiled potato or mashed potatoes (potato, beet, carrot), stewed cabbage, green peas, etc. Meat with vegetable garnish is acquired better.

Vysokobelkovuju food (meat, fish) children should receive in first half of day as it long is digested in a stomach, and in the second - easier (dairy-vegetative, carbohydrate).

Drinking mode

In connection with natural to water losses through kidneys, a skin and with exhaled air, the balance of water of an organism should be filled constantly at the expense of a liquid containing in food, and drink of a free liquid - waters, tea, a berry juice and other drinks. Water losses especially increase at physical activity and in a hot season.

At children, in connection with their high mobility, water losses are rather notable, therefore children cannot be limited in drink. But to compensate a liquid lack sweet compotes, juice, drinks does not follow, as it leads to appetite oppression. It is impossible also to allow to drink many water during food intake. Filling capacity of a stomach and diluting digestive juice, it promotes decrease in appetite and infringement of processes of digestion.

In intervals between food intakes water should be accessible to children. Usually give svezhekipjachenuju the water cooled to a room temperature, table mineral water without gas or poorly made tea. It is possible to recommend also instant teas from extracts of grasses - fenhelja or camomiles which promote improvement of activity of intestines and possess soothing action.