Pregnancy and childbirth, pregnancy calendar, birth of the child, development of the child, health of children.

At the age from a year to one and a half child turns to the small researcher, which attentively studies things, which surround it before to "accept" something or not. The child plays with subjects, throws them on a floor, considers. All Here matters: and as they fall, and what sound thus publish, and many other things. It that we, adults, have already forgotten, and for the kid each of these small opening unusual and intriguing.

There will pass certain time while the child will pass from such eksperimentirovanija to more intelligent, from our adult point of view, to the reference with subjects, toys. For this purpose it, at least, should acquire certain movements, to learn to use things in the standard way. After all on a spoon, for example, there is no instruction for application of which the kid would take advantage. Therefore at first it will knock with it on a table, will swing, throw, and then already, by an example of parents, will try it is. But, all the same, at first the child cannot operate with a spoon, after all it is necessary to take, keep correctly, first of all, it in horizontal position not to spill, inform to a mouth … All these actions, such habitual for us, for the kid are extremely difficult. But for this purpose also there are the experiments, which purpose, - to observe, how subjects in new situations behave.

The period of the first opening

At the age from a year about one year and a half children study to adapt to a new situation. During this period your kid will make the first opening of type as it is possible to stretch the tell-tale through a narrow crack or how to open the closed doors or still something similar. And every day such opening will become more and more. If earlier the child simply carried out certain actions, studying, that occurs to a subject now he even more often thinks out new ways of the reference with things.

From ones and a half till two years your kid still to something will learn: it will begin for the first time, having remembered actions which have brought to it pleasure, again and again to reproduce them. The kid will be tireless to give over and over again to you imaginary cookies next time to hear "thanks" and to receive a kiss. The child already is able to represent subjects and to co-operate with these imaginary images.

Now your child begins capable to solve difficult enough tasks not a method of attempts and errors, and by means of thinking. And one more opening which occurs about this time, is a comprehension of that subjects exist constantly. You any more will not manage to hide from the kid a thing, simply having taken away it from a field of vision of young "observer". Right now you can play with the child, hiding things, and he with pleasure will search for them, each time showing more and more an ingenuity in searches. The kid develops, at it every day it becomes better memory, the attention is formed, the thinking develops.

The child actively develops and learns the world. And the best for this purpose the way is a game. Through it your kid opens properties of surrounding subjects and acquires system of social roles, studies to own the body, establishes quantitative and qualitative parities between subjects (much - a little, big - small, round - square), develops ability to be guided in space, etc.

Game - it is informative, simple, cheerful

Game is a universal way of education and study of the child. If you wish to develop its abilities, to learn to think, understand language of adults, to dream, address with different subjects, - play with the child as it is possible is more often. Developing games at early age give to the kid sensation of a self-trust and the forces, cause pleasure, raise interest to that surrounds.

To promote development, game should give to the kid possibility to learn the new: new properties of the subjects, the new movements, new actions. Thanks to it he will feel pleasure of opening and achievement. In such plan verbal, intellectual games have positive influence both games with subjects, and.

And what toys are for this purpose necessary? First of all, it is a "traditional" set of toys with which you played also in the childhood: cubes, piramidki, a mosaic. They help development of perception, attention, thinking, speech of the child. Through them the child starts to acquire concept of the form (round, square), parities of the sizes (big - small, bolshy, smaller, the small), studies to distinguish colours.

It is important, that you helped the kid also to do small opening among which, how to combine a tower from cubes, that a ring piramidki round and kotitsja as a ball, and the cube - is not present, that colour of a toy is capable to coincide with colour of clothes of the child, and still it is possible from piramidki to dress almost identical two rings on a core and to roll, as wheels.

Piramidka. Its version is necessary the more difficult, than the kid is more senior. Learn the child to play it. Show, that rings can be removed and dressed back on a core. It is desirable, that you made comments on the actions aloud. And then give the chance to the child to string independently details piramidki. Look, that from it left. Show to the kid a difference in size of rings. At the age from a year of three months it is already possible to learn the child to put piramidku correctly - the rings located from bolshego to smaller, will make its equal. Let the kid will concern with the handle of the party piramidki, when all details on places, and when there is no. It is possible to lay out a path from rings piramidki on a table later, to put them against each other without a core it it is heavier and more interesting. Learn the child to compare size of components piramidki, putting to each other, ask to try to guess, whether it is correctly collected piramidka, having spent on it ladoshkoj, having closed eyes.

When the kid loses interest to any toy, hide it for some time. And then in a week or some days the kid again will do "new" opening with a toy again interesting to it.

Cubes. Cubes - a fine building material for towers. They can be erected, destroyed, built again. Whether you know, how much it is difficult, when to you year or ones and a half! And cubes also can be different size and colour, as well as a ring piramidki. In due course learn the child to use them for building of doll small houses, steps, beds or chairs. Show, how it is possible to play a doll and furniture from cubes.

When to the kid it is executed two years the tower too should "grow" to 6-8 cubes. Such to construct more difficult because it is necessary to select very diligently a building material, accurately to put "brick" on "brick" that all design has not fallen prematurely. And still it is possible to do of cubes patterns, spreading independently or using "drawing" from books. It, by the way, very important ability of the child - to operate on the sample.

Pictures. By the end of the second year the kid already learns the image of familiar subjects in drawings. There are cubes where on sides plots of known fairy tales which need to be put are represented. You can take advantage also of cards or drawings with images of animals, plots of fairy tales. For this purpose paste a picture on a cardboard and cut on some parts of the identical form. The the child is more adult, the more fragments can be, especially intricate plots use. But first the child suffices for comparison two parts of drawing. Hence, let the kid will combine a picture, having picked up pair from 3-4 polovinok others. And still it is possible to guess, that is drawn on a picture, having taken advantage of the same taki polovinkami. So your kid will study to compare whole and parts, to learn familiar subjects on separate elements.

Concept of the size

The small child with success gets acquainted with the size of subjects, comparing among themselves the same things of the different size. Give to it two dolls (big and small) and two complete sets of clothes for them (mixed among themselves). Explain, that to dolls it is cold, and they wish to put on, but have mixed the clothes. Suggest to help them. Do not worry, if at first the child distributes things incorrectly. Pay attention of the child that he has dressed small on the size on the big doll or big on small, and let the child will think once again. When to each doll "its" things will steal up, praise the child, having underlined: "the big dress - the big doll, small - small, the big shoes - the big doll, small - small".

If you do not have such dolls or clothes for them, they can be drawn most and to dress the drawn clothes on cardboard dolls. To complicate the task, make three dolls of the different size.

Concept of the form

To acquaint the child with the form of subjects, organise cheerful game-competition - who faster dokatit the figure to the toy collars constructed on a table or a floor. And the ball and a cube will be figures which need to be rolled, let. At first to the child without a difference which of these subjects to take. But after several attempts he will understand, that at whom the ball, and will try to choose him will win. At this time also ask the kid why it takes a ball. Will pay its attention to sharp corners which stir to a cube kotitsja, and to their absence at a ball.

Development of attention of the child

It is very important to form and develop attention of the child in the early childhood. Conducting such lessons, it is necessary to remember, that when the kid starts to lose interest to game, it is necessary to change definitely the task, to show something new. Do not overload the child, demanding from it a long concentration or numerous repetition of the same actions. It will tyre the child and will not bring expected developing effect.

Approximately in the beginning of the second year of a life it is possible to start to form ability of the child to distribute attention between several subjects. Now, when the kid already is able to play with two, and even three toys simultaneously, parents can help to develop to it attention, showing various actions of two or three subjects: to knock with one toy on another, to combine cubes in a box, to string rings piramidki on a core. Gradually increase quantity of subjects with which the child plays, to three-four. Helping the kid to concentrate attention to the same things of 4-6 minutes, will develop both firmness of attention, and its dispersal

You can play in such game: put on a table of 3-4 toys familiar to the child. Let it within 1-2 minutes will consider them. And then suggest to turn away and hide one of toys. And now let the kid will tell to you, that has changed. That game was more interesting to the child, can change over: let the child will hide a toy, and you will try to guess, that does not suffice. The especial pleasure is caused in the kid by erroneous actions of the adult. For senior children this task can be complicated, that you do not take away a toy, and simply interchange the position of them. Gradually increase quantity of subjects to five.

When the kid will grow up, it is necessary to offer it tasks which will demand a long concentration: for example, to draw a small house, to combine piramidku from cubes, to retell small skazochku. Such exercises promote formation of stability of attention throughout long time.

These games very much like children and allow to become more attentive to world around. And your efforts will help the son or a daughter more successfully to move ahead in the development, and will be especially important, when there will come time to go to school.

We develop memory of the kid

At early age (from a year to three) memory of the child develops very quickly. And the basis of its development consists that it gradually becomes any. That is, with the years your kid remembers certain things is better because puts before itself such task. He wishes to remember something and gradually studies to achieve the object.

On the first year of a life that memory of the kid developed, you can use games, which, probably, to you well-known. Play with the kid in "prjatki": take some toys, and one of them hide so that he saw. And then suggest to find the same toy among several others. Gradually this game can be complicated: let the child makes a choice among bolshego quantities of toys or among subjects which differ on the size, to colour, shows you things which you name.

The the child becomes more adult, the more attention it is necessary to give to development of any memory. Till three years the child usually cannot keep something in memory out of concrete actions yet. Therefore is better to use for formation of such memory game, for example, in shop: ask to remember the kid "list" of purchases (no more than 4-5 names known to the child). Change a plot of this game, having learnt names of "visitors" which "will come" to a doll on birthday, etc.

Giving has some time to such employment, you will help development of memory of the child. MAIN thing not to hasten and not to overload the kid, demanding from it too many. And then after a while you will be rewarded, rejoicing to its achievements.

Circle or square?

It is useful to acquaint also on the second-third year of a life the child with concept of the form of subjects. Cut out from a cardboard a set of geometrical figures: circles, ovals, squares of identical colour. Give to the child two figures, and, taking itself same, suggest to consider them, to try on one to another. Let the child will see, that circles coincide, and the circle with an oval - is not present, etc.

Also you can make one more kind of toys which will help formation at the kid of concepts of the form and the size. It is necessary to cut in a cover of a box from footwear of an aperture of the different form: a square, a rhombus, a circle, (the more difficult, than the child is more senior). Let the kid pushes the geometrical figures of the corresponding size pasted on a cardboard in these apertures. So the child will learn to distinguish, that the small square can be placed in a square aperture, but it is difficult - in round. The concept of the size as the child really sees how the big subjects are not located in small holes is similarly formed, that one form passes in another only in certain position. For understanding of conformity of the size and the form it is used as well a nested doll.

All colours of a rainbow

The child, playing with subjects, first of all, realises existence of their such signs as the form and the size. It is much more difficult to learn than it to distinguish colours. In the beginning of the second year of a life to the kid it is absolutely indifferent, what colour of a thing. He equally "learns" a grass both green, and dark blue. The child sees different colours, but yet does not consider this sign as essential. To generate ability to perceive different tone it is possible in that way, as all other skills - in game. When the child sits down to draw, specify that a grass, - green, and the sun - yellow, give it a pencil of corresponding colour. Try to play in such game: let the kid among two cubes of different colour will choose such, as well as at you in hands.

To demand from the child on the second-third year of a life of knowledge of colours yet necessarily. Will be enough, if the kid acquires such concepts as "colour", "the same colour", "other colour". Going on walk, it is possible to consider subjects which meet, and to tell to the child about all properties, specifying also their colour. It is possible to tell to the kid, that a grass green and a tree of the same colour, and here a floret - another.

The doggie speaks "gav"

Very important for development of the child correct perception of sounds of world around. It both language of people, and "voices" of animals, both noise of cars, and nature sounds. The major sounds for the kid on the second year of a life is a human voice. For dialogue with adults, for mastering by speech the child should learn, first of all, to perceive sounds. It occurs thus: at first studies to distinguish vowel sounds, later - consonants. In usual conditions by the end of the second year of a life the kid perceives all sounds of the native language.

For development of acoustical perception useful will be, if the kid listens to music, songs, musical performances of fairy tales. Encourage its desire to dance, march, splash in ladoshki, to play musical instruments, first of which, probably, will be shock (for example, your frying pan in a role bubena). It is important, that the child had at least one toy tool, but with normal sounding, like a xylophone. In due course you will hear, as through annoying "boom-boom-boom" will start to make the way a certain rhythm.

Imagination development

Your kid shows for the first time the imagination approximately at the age of 2,5-3 years. But it is often connected with a subject. That is the child mnimo will play supper preparation when will notice before itself ware. Stones and a grass often become to it fine substitutes of vegetables and kotletok for "preparation", for example, a breakfast. Here again that the child has learnt to use the same subjects for the different purposes is very important. Happens, that once "having turned" in a spoon, the stick a spoon remains and further. That is for the first time there are stereotypes of perception of subjects.

Parents are capable to help to develop to the child imagination, playing different games. For example, take some subjects which have no accurate appointment, such as cubes, boxes, fabric rags, suggest the child to think up some ways of their use. If the kid does not manage to invent more than one-two variants for this purpose, help it, having offered the. The cube can be both a stool, and a table, both the machine, and a small house. Show to the child as it is possible to play the same subject in its different game functions. At first it will be difficult to kid to invent many ways of application of things, but in due course you will notice, the imagination of the child as creatively and its imagination is freely shown became how much richer and more various.

Imagination of the child at this age still very unstably. The kid, beginning game, seldom plans it in advance. And, having started to draw on sheet, he never knows, that, actually, in a definitive variant leaves. But this beginning only, the very first stage in development of imagination which in the future will develop, having turned to one of the most effective mechanisms of creative thinking.

Safe toy

Choosing a toy and game, parents necessarily should pay attention to safety of a toy as they often become the reason of numerous traumas and damages at kids. At purchase the attention should be turned on following signs:

• Durability! Toys which can easily break, will often melt the reason of traumas of the child.
• Covering! Be convinced that the paint or other covering are not toxic.
• Design! Toys with small components, sharp edges or details which are broken off, are dangerous to small children.
• Gigienichnost! Toys with which it is impossible to wash, quickly become a source of bacteria. And it can create a serious problem for the child who has got used to try all "on a tooth".
• The size! Very small toys which can be swallowed (less cam of the child), or toys with components which are easily disconnected - represent threat.
• Absence of any laces! Avoid that near the child there was no toy (as well as all other subjects) with laces or laces-elastic bands which length more 15см - because of risk of self-suffocation. It is better than a toy krepit to something by means of plastic chains which not only are safe, but also bright, attractive.
• Safe sound! Too loud sounds, for example, which publish toy pistols, planes, machines, are capable to do much harm to hearing of the child, therefore choose toys with soft and melodic sounds, instead of with sharp, loud, shrill.

In general, buying toys for the kid, pay attention to what maintenance in them is enclosed, whether it coincides with your representations about system of values and as this or that toy will affect development of the child.

Twelve steps to safe game with toys

1. Before you have decided to visit toy shop, observe the son or a daughter: in which type of toys the kid is interested, what skills of a manipulation them it has got, what types are the most necessary for its age.
2. Buying a toy, necessarily read the instruction to it. Find out, it is intended for what age, what features are specified by the manufacturer.
3. It is especially necessary to be captious in a choice if to your kid it was not executed yet three years. Buy what have no small details which can separate. The toy should be easy, without sharp edges and a toxic covering, not break at falling.
4. Attentively read, and subsequently necessarily keep houses the instruction how to combine a toy and it to use.
5. It is possible to give soft toys to the child only in the event that them easily to clean.
6. At once throw out all packings from toys before giving to their kid.
7. Examine an environment of the kid - whether is not present a number of dangerous small toys of the senior child as they can represent threat for the smaller.
8. Observe, than your child plays. Among its "toys" it can appear and such "interesting" polyethylene package (which child will necessarily try to pull on a head).
9. Observe certain time of game of the kid and accustom it to safe behaviour with a toy.
10. Acquaint your relatives with the basic cautions, concerning safety of game of the kid.
11. Choose a corresponding place for storage of toys.
12. Necessarily each three months estimate safety of toys of the kid. If necessary, repair what have broken and can represent danger to the child.