Pregnancy and childbirth, pregnancy calendar, birth of the child, development of the child, health of children.

Artificial feeding is the compelled way of feeding when all attempts to nurse have appeared ineffectual.

Artificial feeding, you should know:

• Interferes with an establishment of emotional communication between you and the kid.
• Promotes frequent disease of the child: diarejnym, respiratory, infectious.
• Is the factor of occurrence of allergic reactions and diseases (ekzema, a bronchial asthma).
• Increases risk of development of chronic diseases of bodies of digestion, maxillary, stomatologic and orthopedic infringements.
• Promotes occurrence in the future of adiposity, a diabetes, an atherosclerosis at the child.
• Generates difficulties in study, education, intellectual development of the kid.
• Increases risk of occurrence at you complications of the postnatal period, promotes faster renewal of ability to become pregnant.
• Raises risk of development of tumours of a mammary gland, jaichnikov.

Transition of children to artificial feeding should be rigidly proved and be carried out under the control of the pediatrist. The reasons for artificial feeding, especially for newborns (from a birth till 28 days) and chest children is elderly till 4-5 months of a life, can be full absence at mother of milk or contra-indication to natural feeding on medical to indications (time or constant) from mother or the child. It is a little such contra-indications and they well-known to doctors.

Artificial feeding in the first 3-4 months as this most unripe period of a life of the child is considered "critical" for preservation of its health is especially undesirable, and chest milk of mother helps kids, even nedonoshennym or what were born weak, to overcome illnesses and difficulties of this period.

Therefore, for the purpose of a delay of the early or forced transfer into artificial feeding, we recommend not to refuse to the child in chest milk if at you it is at least in very small quantity. And in case of full absence at you milk, it is possible to use surpluses of chest milk of other mothers (after it kipjachenija).

From cultivations of the cow milk to the modern adapted dairy mixes

Almost one and a half centuries has passed since then, when physicians have started to reflect how to apply milk of pets to feeding of kids which remained without chest milk. The cow milk at first planted simply with water, have then started to prepare And, In - mixes with broths of groats and sugar addition, and after cream. For simplification of digestion of alien fiber of the cow milk tried to add in a mix vegetative enzymes, hydrochloric or lemon acids. Since 40th years of the XX-th century, in children's dietetics the sour-milk mixes fermented by means of bacteria - kefir, atsidofilnoe milk and others have widely entered, but also they could not solve this challenge completely. And only to the extent of the subsequent expansion of scientific knowledge in branch of physiology of development of the child and its food, and also with the advent of new modern methods of the analysis and technologies of the food-processing industry, the mixes as much as possible approached on structure of all food components and of some properties to chest milk have been created.

In what a difference between female and cow milk?

Not for nothing popular wisdom says: "Female milk was created by the nature for the child, and cow - for the calf". Between these two kinds of milk there are big differences on structure of all nutrients: in the cow milk in 3 times the squirrel and almost in as much time - mineral salts at the expense of superfluous quantity of calcium, kalija is more, than sodium, phosphorus, chlorine. At the same time, in it there are not enough carbohydrates (dairy sugar - lactoses), the major irreplaceable fat acids and variety of vitamins (And, D, E,), and also very important serosoderzhashchej amino acid - taurina, gland and other necessary components. It also does not contain biologically active female milk biologically active and protective factors.

Therefore kids during artificial feeding by "unprepared" cow milk or usual mixes, in connection with surplus of one and a lack of other food components, have adverse changes in exchange processes and their development is broken. They are shown in the form of chronic frustration of a food: gipotrofii or paratrofii, illnesses of vitamin insufficiency, a rickets, an anaemia, and also other illnesses connected with infringements of protective mechanisms of a children's organism.

As change structure of the cow milk for the adapted dairy mixes

The standard of nutritional value and equation of all food substances for the adapted dairy mixes is female milk.

For adaptation, that is approach of structure of the cow milk to female, it is necessary to modify all food components making it: fibers, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, mineral salts and some microcells. It is carried out on certain technologies at the specialised enterprises for release of products of a children's food at observance of all hygienic requirements which concern products of a children's food.

Fibers

The adaptation first step is reduction of quantity of the general fiber from 33-35 g/l in the cow milk till 14-17 g/l and mineral salts - with 7,0 g/l to 3,5 g/l accordingly. With that end in view use in the established proportions fat-free cow milk and processed by a special method demineralizirovannuju dairy whey. Under such circumstances some tasks simultaneously dare: the basic albuminous fractions - syvorotochnyj fiber and casein - are lead up to such as in chest milk of a parity - 60:40 %, improves aminokislotnyj structure of fiber and its biological value raises, belkovo-salt concentration decreases. For children, especially the life first half of the year, it has extremely great value as function of kidneys at them is still imperfect, and they are not capable to deduce from an organism end-products of an exchange (slags) in high concentration.

Fats

The quantity of fats in the cow milk, as well as in female, fluctuates within 35-38 g/l, but they in 5 times are poorer irreplaceable fat acids - linolevoj, linolenovoj, arahidonovoj. These fat acids have very much great value for the general development of children, formations of cages of a brain, a retina of eyes and other fabrics.

Therefore the adapted dairy mixes are enriched by a fatty component - polynonsaturated fat acids by full or partial replacement of dairy fat with vegetable oils which are rich with these fat acids, and also vitamin E. Basically sunflower, corn, soya and coconut oils are used.

In corresponding combinations they provide the optimum maintenance necessary for the child and a parity of the major fat acids and vitamin E.

Carbohydrates

The best carbohydrates for chest children is lactose (dairy sugar). It carries out a number of the important functions in an organism which grows, - provides with its energy which is easily acquired, creates the favorable environment for physiological microbic flora, provides a brain of the child with necessary structural components. In female milk lactose contains in number of 6,7-7,4 g/l, in its cow milk much less - 4,8 g/l. Therefore the modern adapted dairy mixes intended for feeding of healthy children, are enriched by lactose to level of its maintenance in chest milk. Together with it, products and with other carbohydrates (corn treacle, maltodekstrin, sugar, starch, a flour of groats) which are used under medical or technological indications are issued.

In the cow milk some vitamins and biologically active substances (taurin, karnitin, holin and others) contain in very small quantities. Numerous infringements can be connected with their lack in an organism of the child. For example, in the cow milk of vitamin D it is less, than in female, in 20 times, vitamin E in 10 times, mid-annual A-vitamin activity more low in 1,5 times, and taurina - free serosoderzhashchej amino acids - is less in 3-5 times.

Therefore all modern adapted dairy mixes in the course of their manufacture are enriched by the balanced complex of vitamins from calculation of daily requirement for them of children of the first year of a life.

Taurin and karnitin enter into structure of the dairy mixes intended for kids of the first half of the year of a life as they are most necessary to babies of this age.

Because at the mixed and artificial feeding children quite often have zhelezodefitsitnaja an anaemia, the adapted dairy mixes contain the increased quantity of iron at the expense of its addition in the course of manufacture.

What dairy mix to choose for the kid?

Before choosing a dairy mix, consult to the doctor. Buying a dairy mix, attentively study inscriptions on a label where all necessary data are specified: age of the child for which the mix is recommended, structure of all basic components and caloric content, a way of preparation, a period of storage, etc.

Dry dairy mixes of import manufacture are divided under age indications and on adaptation degree on vysokoadaptirovannye dairy mixes since the birth - "basic", and adapted "subsequent" - from six-monthly age. Usually, near to the name of these mixes there is figure 2.

"Basic" mixes, as a rule, are most approached on structure to chest milk, they contain syvorotochnye fibers in the ratio with casein 60:40 the %, enriched taurinom, karnitinom and other additives.

The "subsequent" mixes differ from "basic" a considerable quantity of fiber and the higher caloric content. Fiber in them is less modified or and not changed completely not, that is contains more casein; the carbohydrate component consists from maltodekstrina, sucrose, starch additives. The fatty, vitamin and mineral structure is that, as well as in "basic" mixes.

The "non-standard" adapted dairy mixes for nedonoshennyh children and children donoshennyh which were born with small weight of a body are issued also. The structure of these mixes is calculated on stimulation of rates of growth and increase in weight of a body of children.

In parallel with the specified adapted dairy mixes variety of specialised mixes of treatment-and-prophylactic appointment is issued: bezlaktoznye mixes for children with intolerance of dairy sugar (lactose), a mix on the basis of soya fiber - for children with an allergy on the cow milk, and also hypoallergenic mixes which are easily acquired with the split fiber for children with different heavy exhausting diseases, including with heavy forms of an allergy.

All modern adapted dairy mixes of import manufacture, and also domestic production - instantny, that is prepare quickly, without kipjachenija before the use. It is of great importance for preservation of vitamins in products.

For successful carrying out of artificial feeding of the child it is necessary to adhere to rules and recommendations:

• The dairy mix which replaces chest milk, should garantirovanno meet all requirements concerning nutritional values and hygienic cleanliness of a children's food. Such features for given time are peculiar to the adapted dairy mixes of industrial production. But, choosing a dairy mix for your child, all the same consult to the doctor.
• Any dairy mix needs to be entered into a diet of the kid a method "trainings and tests", that is to start it to give to the child in the small portions, gradually throughout 4-5 days, leading up to the necessary quantity in each feeding throughout days. It will facilitate adaptation of digestive system and exchange processes of the kid to alien meal and will give the chance to find out, whether is not present on this product of allergic reaction.
• The quantity of feedings, unlike chest feeding, should be fixed on time and to answer age of the child.
• It is necessary to feed the child taking into account its age and appetite, but for prevention of a reforage the volume of a dairy mix should not exceed age requirement of the kid for meal.
• Rules of feeding from a small bottle with a dummy at artificial feeding same, as well as at the mixed.
• The most widespread errors, which mums suppose at artificial feeding:
• Restriction of meal and transfer of the child into a new mix, especially in the first 3-4 months, at the least change of a chair, gripes, a swelling of a stomach or srygivanijah. Certainly, any infringements from digestive system require special attention of parents and the doctor, but far not always there is a necessity for change of a mix received by the child. It is necessary to remember, that such phenomena can be and at natural feeding, and the child should get used to each new mix.
• Feeding of the child by the integral or dissolved cow milk without introduction of necessary correcting additives (fatty, carbohydrate, mineral, vitamin).
• Feeding of the child without specific features of its organism.

Diet at the mixed and artificial feeding

The diet at the mixed feeding is individual, dependent on quantity of milk at mum. At moderate decrease in quantity of chest milk it is desirable to adhere to a "free" principle - to nurse on request of the child as at natural feeding, and to finish feeding a dairy mix when the child after feeding by a breast is dissatisfied and requires an additional food. Thus it is necessary to mean, that in first half of day of milk in a breast, as a rule, happens more than in the second.

At considerable decrease in quantity of chest milk the feeding mode should be fixed in time, as at artificial feeding. It is connected by that artificial dairy mixes are late in a stomach of the child a little bit longer, than chest milk.

Both in the first, and in the second case it is difficult to orient, how many it is necessary for a dairy mix to add after feeding by a breast. Not knowing it, it is possible as nedokarmlivanie, and the reforage of the child which is undesirable and will not pass completely for its health.

For the decision of this question it is possible to use a rough method of definition of quantity of milk at mother: weighing of the child before feeding of not less than three times by a breast in day at various times. Using the received average index, and also data of the mentioned below table, you can define approximate quantity of a dairy mix which is necessary for adding to the kid to each feeding.

At artificial feeding the volume of feeding and a diet are in limits of physiological age norm, and also individual requirements of the child.

Healthy children at correctly organised feeding already in the first days or weeks of a life freely pass to a 6-single diet which remains till 5 months. After feeding up introduction the mode with 5-single feeding which in norm proceeds to year age is established. But some children from 10-11 months refuse the fifth feeding and establish for itself a 4-single diet.

The basic criteria of an estimation of eutrophy and its frequency are normal indicators of physical, statiko-kinetic and mental development of the child, and also its emotional status.

Diet and feeding volume at the mixed and artificial feeding

Age in months	Feeding volume, ml/sut	Volume on one feeding, ml/sut	Quantity of feedings a day	Intervals between feedings
Till 1 month	600-700	90-100	7-6	In 3-3,5 hours, a night break of 6-6,5 hours
From 1 till 2 months	700-900	110-140	7-6	In 3-3,5 hours, a night break of 6-6,5 hours
From 2 till 4 months	800-1000	140-160	6	In 3-3,5 hours, a night break of 6-6,5 hours
From 4 till 6 months	900-1000	160-180	6-5	In 3,5-4 hours, a night break of 6,5-8 hours
From 6 till 9 months	1000-1100	180-200	5	In 4 hours, a night break of 8 hours
From 9 till 12 months	1000-1200	200-240	5-4	In 4-4,5 hours, a night break of 8-9 hours